The Social Responsibility Of Business Is to Increase Its Profits
The discussions of the social responsibilities of business are notable for their analytical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it mean to say that business has responsibilities? Only people can have responsibilities. A corporation is an artificial person and in this sense may have artificial responsibilities, but business as a whole cannot be said to have responsibilities, even in this vague sense. The first step toward clarity in examining the doctrine of the social responsibility of business is to ask precisely what it implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be responsible are businessmen, which means individual proprietors or corporate executives. Most of the discussion of social responsibility is directed at corporations, so in what follows I shall mostly neglect the individual proprietor and speak of corporate executives.
In a free?enterprise, private?property system, a corporate executive is an employe of the owners of the business. He has direct responsibility to his employers. That responsibility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some cases his employers may have a different objective. A group of persons might establish a corporation for an eleemosynary purposefor example, a hospital or school. The manager of such a corporation will not have money profit as his objective but the rendering of certain services.
In either case, the key point is that, in his capacity as a corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals who own the corporation or establish the eleemosynary institution, and his primary responsibility is to them.
The whole justification for permitting the corporate executive to be selected by the stockholders is that the executive is an agent serving the interests of his principal. This justification disappears when the corporate executive imposes taxes and spends the proceeds for social purposes. He becomes in effect a public employe, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an employe of private enterprise. On grounds of political principle, it is intolerable that such civil servantsinsofar as their actions in the name of social responsibility are real and not just window?dressingshould be selected as they are now. If they are to be civil servants, then they must be selected through a political process. If they are to impose taxes and make expenditures to foster social objectives, then political machinery must be set up to guide the assessment of taxes and to determine through a political process the objectives to be served.
This is the basic reason why the doctrine of social responsibility involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce resources to alternative uses.
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Friedman, of course. I'm pairing this with Where Do The Profits Go? I think the connection is obvious.
I think the above really captures the mindset that's come to dominate corporate America. Interested in various takes. I plan on playing Devil's advocate here.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be responsible are businessmen, which means individual proprietors or corporate executives. Most of the discussion of social responsibility is directed at corporations, so in what follows I shall mostly neglect the individual proprietor and speak of corporate executives.
In a free?enterprise, private?property system, a corporate executive is an employe of the owners of the business. He has direct responsibility to his employers. That responsibility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some cases his employers may have a different objective. A group of persons might establish a corporation for an eleemosynary purposefor example, a hospital or school. The manager of such a corporation will not have money profit as his objective but the rendering of certain services.
In either case, the key point is that, in his capacity as a corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals who own the corporation or establish the eleemosynary institution, and his primary responsibility is to them.
The whole justification for permitting the corporate executive to be selected by the stockholders is that the executive is an agent serving the interests of his principal. This justification disappears when the corporate executive imposes taxes and spends the proceeds for social purposes. He becomes in effect a public employe, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an employe of private enterprise. On grounds of political principle, it is intolerable that such civil servantsinsofar as their actions in the name of social responsibility are real and not just window?dressingshould be selected as they are now. If they are to be civil servants, then they must be selected through a political process. If they are to impose taxes and make expenditures to foster social objectives, then political machinery must be set up to guide the assessment of taxes and to determine through a political process the objectives to be served.
This is the basic reason why the doctrine of social responsibility involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce resources to alternative uses.
----
Friedman, of course. I'm pairing this with Where Do The Profits Go? I think the connection is obvious.
I think the above really captures the mindset that's come to dominate corporate America. Interested in various takes. I plan on playing Devil's advocate here.
Comments (45)
Adam Smith covered this concept pretty well.
Yeah? Please point me to the relevant passages you have in mind.
- Adam Smith
Thats a well known quote. But have you actually read Adam Smith? Was this what you meant by covered it well?
What you describe seems to be what he described as the vile maxim:
He says of merchants and manufacturers that theyre .
He was writing before the rise of corporations, of course.
Elsewhere:
He goes on and on.
I would try to resist the influence of mainstream libertarian portrayals of Smith.
Here is a brief summary of his overall thought.
Im very familiar with Smith. I dont consider this a summary of his overall thought, nor do I see much connection with the OP or what we were discussing.
This should answer the question in your OP
From The Wealth of Nations
Yeah, sorry, but a comment like this is embarrassing. Considering Chomsky has actually read Smith, unlike you apart from the fact that hes an internationally respected scholar.
Also, nothing in your copy-and-paste job has the slightest relevance to the OP. If you want to try to draw the connection, do so. Otherwise youre just quoting incoherently.
I recommend *reading* Adam Smith instead of pasting random passages from a Website. Its transparently obvious you havent yet done so, and Im not interested in posturing.
Also note that it is not a criticism.
As for my comment about Chomsky / he has his fair share of critics and my comment is not meant to make me one of his newest critics just a passing observation as I am unfamiliar with his work nor see the appeal just yet.
There are no dots to connect which is why you cant explain what they are.
Next time, dont just copy and paste from a Website and claim that it answers something if you dont know yourself.
What was the question which those quotes are supposed to answer, anyway? Can you even explain that?
(Chomsky)
How do you see such laws working? Presumably, absent of investigations, no judge is going to somehow know what is 'true' so the law would have to require some standard of evidence before publication, but what standard would prevent the sort of misinformation someone like Murdoch pushes that wouldn't also shut down corporate whistleblowers, wikileaks, or investigative journalism in general?
Yeah, 'cos that really sorts out the corporate control over information, put a private corporation in control of information...
I think the problem is that 'truth' needs to be assessed. We cannot just 'see' it, we need to discover it. That requires an institution.
Newspapers are already supposed to publish only well-evidenced information. They don't, because there's an economic and political incentive to lie. How would a fact-checking institution be any less exposed to exactly the same economic and political incentives?
Basically, we can't seem to escape the fact that we (as individuals) are not capable of assessing the raw data ourselves, so we must trust an institution to do so. That institution will be exposed to economic and political incentives. Well, we might as well trust the newspaper in the first place.
One way forward I can see is to make it more difficult for conflicts of interest to be hidden. That way we could at least make a more informed choice over which institution to trust.
Yes, we could have an infinite regress of fact checking.
Quoting Isaac
Yep, certainly one option.
Often with these things if the public were just more discerning... (ie, if they shared my values) everything would improve. Murdoch would go broke and certain politicians would never see office.
Of course, the other option is litigation. Harmful stories can be identified and dealt with - a la Alex Jones. And it interests me that Tucker Carlson managed to avoid legal strife by arguing that his show is entrainment, which no one believes anyway.
Yes. I think the problem has been mis-targeted. The narrative here seems to be that people are just stupid and we need to control the media so they don't lead the stupid people on. I think this frames the problems wrong. We need to be asking why people are motivated to believe something like a Murdoch paper (or worse, the likes of Alex Jones and Tucker Carlson) in the first place.
Personally I don't believe anyone is so stupid as to think that in normal circumstances a talk-show pundit or journalist is better placed than a relevant university professor to inform them on some subject matter. No one is unaware of the process of data accumulation, the general way knowledge works...
So the question is not how do Murdoch, Jones and Carlson get away with it, the question is what's gone wrong with the universities (etc) that means ordinary people (who fully understand how knowledge acquisition works), have decided their obvious status as repositories of that knowledge is in question.
My personal answer to that is role social media now plays as arbiter of truth. The battles are no longer fought between academics, they're fought on social media, so there's been a shift in what qualifies a person to be part of the debate, and it's not their academic qualification.
This changes the field over which the battles are fought, but also changes the weapons used. Evidence, peer review, methodology... No longer as useful as 'likes', and a whipped up mob.
Agree. I also think that because so many people feel like they are foot soldiers in a culture war these days odd alliances are forged - it's the enemy of my enemy is my friend. People who don't like Trump, voted for him because he hated the right people - ie, soft-cock, virtue signalling leftists. Result: public discourse coarsens and the right becomes less nuanced.
Seems to me that people often profess views for aesthetic reasons rather than because they are convinced of their truth. They want to belong to a camp that puts on a show and be rocked along by a certain energy. I spoke to a Trump voter in 2018 who told me, "How could you not want to ride this train, it's wild!?'
Do you think there's a practical way out of our mutually destructive ideological lynch mobs?
Yeah, not only odd alliances, but the beliefs become tokens of group membership. To strongly profess a belief that X is to be s member of that group. Of course, belief expression has always been one of the tokens used to identity group membership, but social media has exaggerated its role to the point where it's basically the only token that's recognised. I'm probably going to sound like an old curmudgeon saying this, but I remember a time not too long ago where I might have a pretty heated argument with a colleague on some matter over which we disagreed, but we'd neither of us even dream of trying to delegitimise the other. We knew, even through the tension, that we were, in some ways, still part of the same group (privileged white male ivory-towered professer I'm afraid), but the point is that other tokens rendered us as being in the same group despite our clashing beliefs.
Quoting Tom Storm
No. It's a putting the genie back in the bottle problem. We have to learn to live with it now. The trouble with any fix is that the nature of the problem means that any fix will be rejected. We could reign in social media, but who's going to agree to that? We could put restrictions on certain debate platforms (deliberately do what should be done naturally), but others will just pop up instead and become more popular.
I think it's a root and branch problem. There's something quite fundamentally missing in most people's lives which makes them reach for, and cling to, these groups against their better judgment. My guess is the loss of community and purpose, but that's a whole 'nother thread...
You're right. I wrote it down as provocation.
I was going to make a forced joke, "where can you buy these tokens you speak so highly of?" but it wouldn't have been funny, and mostly I would have sounded stupid.
Instead I would like to inject that while I like this "token" metaphor, I would use, if I were you, a different metaphor, "totem". Totem inspires not only a group identity or belonging, but it also has a spiritual or metaphysical element that makes the group identity inalienable. Totem also includes a commonly agreed but weak protection by the group for its members -- via physical, natural ways, and also via some supernatural ways.
Tokens don't do that.
We could imbue some other newfangled social media phenomenon with one-word descriptions such as "taboo", "tattoo", "voodoo", and "doodoo", this latter to describe posts like this paragraph here by me.
Yes! But I will add to that people also profess views for values driven preferences over factual truth. Any claimed "facts" that support their values are true, any that oppose their values are false.
I had a few conversations that went this way during the pandemic:
Them: "I won't get the vaccine"
Me: "Why?"
Them "Data X, arguement Y, so it is safer to not get the vaccine"
Me: "Data X is wrong because of ... argument Y is wrong because of... so it is safer to get the vaccine"
Them: "But the point is I would prefer to take the risk of dying of covid rather than have the vaccine. I value choosing not to take the vaccine more than I value the risk to my life from covid."
I got so many "but the point is..." after having successfully argued against their original justification. And "the point" was ultimately not about facts or truth. I could not have given a factual or scientific argument to refute their ultimate point, because it was not a factual or scientific point.
But in order to justify their real "point," they jumped on whatever "facts" that support their values/preferences (in quotation marks because they are often of dubious veracity) . And hence enormous time was wasted having a argument about evidence based facts and science when actually that was never the point in the first place, on their side. "Facts" were just a tool on their part to support their preferences and values - if it supported their values it was a good "fact," otherwise it was a bad "fact."
I see. Then consider me provoked.
Quoting god must be atheist
Interesting idea, unfortunately 'token' is already much used in the literature on the subject and I don't think I have sufficient sway to start a new trend.
And what do you see as being wrong with that?
Facts about whether you are more likely to die if you take a vaccine or not, is not dependent on your preferences or values.
A fact that isn't correct isn't a fact though, is it?
Out of the facts (propositions which are correct), what is wrong with selecting those which support your preferences/values. How else would you have us select facts?
So if I believe in not taking a vaccine, I will look for anything that would support my values, then claim those as facts. I would do so even if I myself did not believe they were correct. I would do so simply because claiming them as "facts" furthers the chance of my getting my way with my values and preferences.
And that is the problem.
You may then take time to refute what I called a "fact." But you are wasting your time, because even I don't believe it to be true. I am simply using it as a tool to further my values and preferences.
So whole discussions on supporting and refuting facts and evidence happen, when the "real point" is something entirely different - values and preferences. That is what I noticed happening in a lot of discussions I have had recently (not on this forum, I may add).
I see. That makes sense now.
But corporations are not owned by the community. While theyre in communities, what they do in the privacy of their own buildings isnt the business of the community. Those from the community who wish to work there indirectly agree that the owners run the company.
To argue corporations should conduct their business and decide what to produce based on community needs is socialism through and through.
Fine by me. :wink:
Bear in mind that corporations (in most countries) cannot do or produce that which defies community standards. If they wish to develop a 'white folks only' recruitment policy, they can't. If they wish to sell child porn, they can't. If they wish to dump toxic chemicals at a park next to a school they can't. So for me the question is where is that line between corporate autonomy and corporate citizenship or community responsibility? I'd like that line to be more definitive. But, no, I'm not arguing we dictate what corporations make per say, more what they can't do in making or selling it.
It's in line with embedded liberalism. The main practical argument for it is that it should protect a capitalist economy from breakdowns like the Great Depression.
It's really an eye opener to learn why this system, which was the norm from 1945-1970 finally failed.
But this infringes on the rights of private citizens. In the private enterprise system the role of the corporation is solely to maximize profits within the bounds of the law, because that's what the shareholders (owners) want. Anything beyond this is -- any social responsibility -- is socialism; i.e., infringement on private property rights and the freedom of individuals to pursue their self interests.
Quoting frank
But in terms of the idea that corporations have social responsibilities, it's socialism. The argument being that the corporation is owned by the shareholders, and the shareholders want to maximize profits. That should be its sole responsibility, within the bounds of the law.
Maybe I'm missing your point and apologies if I am.
The point, as I see it, is that corporations cannot do whatever they want already, right? They cannot peruse their self-interest where community standards are seen to be transgressed. Laws to protect community already constrain some of the worst excesses of rapacious corporate behavior. Corporations are in the community and are responsible to that community. They can't really escape this dyad no matter where you or I set the theoretical great wall between socialism and capitalism.
I don't think the law dictates how society prioritizes its resources (although I'm not sure that's what you meant). Economic policy is usually formed by the legislative and executive branches. Both are in a sense bound by law, but they're also ground zero for the formation of the law, and so above it.
Embedded liberalism was supported by Marxists and socialists. If it had continued to evolve, the US would be more leftist right now. Those who targeted it for destruction claimed that it was collectivism at it's worst and was bound to lead to some kind of slavery in America. The characterization of it as socialist isn't unacceptable.
Just playing devils advocate, as difficult as it is. I agree with you.
Quoting frank
Ok. Failing to see the relevance to the thread, but fine.
Yes, I know you were playing devil's advocate. Your devil should have thrown some Hayek at me.
Fair enough. I only know Friedman. Hayek and Von Mises are probably worth reading as well. But who has the time for bullshit.
It's good understand those you're opposed to, right? How else will you find common ground, understand what they're afraid of, what events shaped them, in short, understand that they're people like you, not orcs from some hell hole?
Eh If you need to go through exercises like these to remind yourself that people arent orcs, then there are bigger problems afoot.
It's really easy to forget that we're all just different leaves on the same tree.